SIL: We're on a mission from Dallas

A couple of linguistics bloggers have mentioned the panel on missionaries and linguistics which took place at the LSA 2007 meeting. Your host attended this discussion (except for the talk by Courtney Handman, which he skipped in order to go hear Claire Bowern's talk on Nyikina), and took some notes. While The Tensor already made the most comment one most hopes to hear in contexts like this -- no chairs were thrown in the making of this production -- SC wishes to discuss his view of what went on at the panel, as he found it mildly dispiriting for many of the usual reasons that underlie his general refusal to discuss religion or politics at work.

As many of the participants found it a matter of good faith in argumentation to briefly disclose their own views on the ontological question undergirding the discussion, your host will do likewise. Longtime readers know SC makes no secret of being a practicing Conservative Jew, although he has generally restricted my posts in that regard to issues of language, cultural practices, or the desperate longing for leavened bread that generally strikes SC shortly after he stops eating in preparation for the first night of Passover. Your host is under no illusions about the views of most visitors to this site, but it's not the purpose of what goes on here, and as long as nobody wants to throw punches over things unsaid, we're all happy. Readers who wish to inquire further along these lines are welcome to do so by e-mail, but proselytizing in the direction of either Jerry Falwell or Richard Dawkins will not be well-received.

Having said that, the questions raised by the panel are threefold:

• Does the missionary goal of organizations like SIL negatively impact the quality of the work they do as linguists?
• Does the missionary goal of organizations like SIL negatively impact the communities that they operate among?
• Given the divergence of goals between academic and missionary linguistics, should any sort of formal recognition be extended between the two communities?

The panelists responded to these in a variety of ways; what follows is based on my notes, which should not be treated as quotes in any case, and handouts where possible.

Lise Dobrin and Jeff Good, who organized the discussion, framed their talk as a series of questions not necessarily to be answered by them, but in need of discussion. They introduced several premises meant to be treated as the givens from which the discussion would start, but which SC found to be debatable notions in themselves:

• Missionary linguists impose Christian values on their hosts even while conducting only their linguistic business
• Academic linguists have recently discovered endangered language preservation as a moral cause (treating it as a human right)
• The goals of missionary and academic linguists diverge because academics treat languages as ends in themselves, while missionaries ultimately subordinate their language work to the goal of evangelization
• Different goals include different working priorities, such as SIL's shifting of spending on software from Shoebox development to font development, which isn't helpful to academic linguists

Starting from these premises, they ask some further questions:

• Is it desirable for academic linguists to be dependent on missionary-developed tools when their goals diverge?
• Is it desirable for SIL to have de facto control over things like the upcoming ISO standardization of language codes based on Ethnologue merely because nobody else has done the work, especially when there is disagreement over the empirical adequacy of SIL's categorizations?
• Should academic linguistics be reconfigured in the 21st century to eliminate these dependencies?

While Dobrin and Good would argue they were just raising the questions, SC is concerned that it is hard to suggest anathematizing people or organizations without provoking the suspicion that an affirmative answer is the intended result. They emphasized repeatedly that they were not questioning individual motives or work, but rather the existence of formal relations with an organization that ultimately has missionary goals.  The attempt not to cast individual aspersions is admirable, but as a number of commenters pointed out afterward, it was very hard to determine what practical effects were meant to be had by dissociating from SIL without treating the collection of SIL linguists any differently.

They were followed by William Svelmoe, a historian from Saint Mary's College, who did not address the questions of the panel from the standpoint of professional relevance, but rather came to provide some helpful historical context. William Townsend, the founder of SIL, originally trained as a preacher, but eventually wound up as a missionary to Guatemala. His work there convinced him of the need to learn about local languages in order to communicate effectively with the populations, and that it was important this be done well, because if the Bible was to be presented as the word of G-d, it would not be particularly credible if G-d was seen to have a hard time speaking the local language. This would be particularly unfair in light of the fact that the responsibility would actually lie with human translators; therefore, Townsend undertook to establish "Camp Wycliffe" to train missionaries.

Fortunately for Townsend, Ken Pike shared his religious convictions and had the drive to be a great linguist, and thus set out to help him by establishing a school for translation, based in Texas. Townsend was thus free to concentrate on training the budding linguistic missionaries in their missionary skills specifically, which he did through a school based in Mexico. They clashed frequently over the need to emphasize getting good linguistics done versus good missionary work, but ultimately settled on a formula whereby the linguists would worry about linguistics, and would go into the field as members of SIL, whereas the job of translating the Bible would be carried out under the rubric of Wycliffe Bible Translators. Since all SIL members are Wycliffe members, this can be seen as something of an accounting fiction, but the take-home point is that the linguists are in no way supposed to proselytize as part of their work. SIL has since signed contracts with a number of governments to do language preservation work, contracts which specifically preclude their proselytizing (although not their contribution to Bible translation); however, the degree to which any individual is capable of keeping these goals separate cannot be predicted merely from their assent to such contracts. After all, it takes a committed person to go live in a foreign, and generally quite poor and remote, country for 10-20 years at a time.

Prof. Svelmoe was followed by Courtney Handman, whose talk SC missed in favor of Claire Bowern's, and so the next speaker heard by your host was Patience Epps, a specialist in Amazonian languages. Prof. Epps was there to argue for a separation between the LSA and SIL, and spent a number of slides establishing that SIL members view their work as a means to the end of "making disciples of all the nations" (quoted from Matthew 28:19). One example of the alleged dishonesty of SIL is provided from this page of publications by the late Nathan Waltz. While it lists his scholarly works, it makes no mention of Old Testament summaries or hymnals that he has also worked on. We'll address the relevance of this point later.

Prof. Epps claims that because some SIL members have been demonstrated to engage in active proselytizing, that this demonstrates the inherently proselytizing nature of the organization -- specific examples being adduced in support of this claim. She then made a point SC wishes to highlight for later discussion as well (and this is a quote, taken from her handout):

Translation of a text from a different language and culture into the target language is not documentation of the target language and culture itself.

We then get to the heart of her argument, that SIL's work is allegedly incompatible with group rights to self-determination. In a citation of Nettle and Romaine somewhat reminiscent of Jack Hitt's writing on language death ([be nice -- ed.]), she quoted their statement that "Every language is a living museum, a monument to every culture it has been vehicle to". In case the Hittite nature of that remark is questioned, she then cites the same authors as saying "a way of life disappears with the death of a language". A number of slides are then spent on the argument that while cultures may change organically, the introduction of Christian beliefs is specifically damaging because individuals with money, power, and prestige come into these societies, and no matter how scrupulously they may behave, it is impossible for the locals not to make connections between the outsiders' culture and their wealth. This then leads to an abandonment of the prior culture for reasons other than internal change, which SC thinks it is fair to say Prof. Epps considers an illegitimate prospect. Prof. Epps noted that the wealth brought by the outsiders includes food and medicine, and that this is a welcome charitable contribution, but questioned why the charity couldn't come "with no spiritual strings attached" (again a quote from the handout).

Prof. Epps was followed by Ken Olson, arguing the case for SIL (he's an active member, as well as a professor at the University of North Dakota, but spoke in his personal capacity only, not as a spokesman for the organization). Prof. Olson briefly acknowledged the dual nature of the organization from its founding, but gave a "top ten reasons to consider SIL a scholarly organization" which really had just one that mattered -- the existence of over 13,000 scholarly publications in the SIL bibliography (which itself states that it has grown to 20,000 entries; it's not clear when Prof. Olson's figure dates from). That's a fair amount of language work to do in 70 years.

Prof. Olson addressed the same self-determination issue that Prof. Epps brought up, both reiterating that active proselytization is not sanctioned by the organization (although he did not address what SIL does to actually prevent such efforts by non-conforming fieldworkers), and bringing in a quote from Matthew Dryer, who commented (in a personal communication to Prof. Olson):

The question of whether SIL's religious activities have a negative impact on indigenous communities misses a fundamental point. What right do we as academics...have to decide what is best for indigenous communities? Isn't that for them to decide?

Missionaries do not force people to become Christians. They simply give them the choice...I have made the choice not to be a Christian. Why shouldn't people in indigenous communities also be allowed to decide whether or not to be Christians?

Prof. Olson also raised the fact that charges of "ethnocide" have been previously brought against SIL by professional anthropologists, and found lacking by the American Anthropological Association. Finally, he produced evidence from a number of case studies that SIL involvement has actually helped grow the number of speakers of some endangered languages, weakening the charge that their influence leads people to "go Western" and abandon their historic roots.

Finally, Daniel Everett, a former SIL member, gave a speech opposing the organization (his work has been discussed by Geoff Pullum, especially with regard to anti-SIL bias, here). Prof. Everett is of the opinion that SIL exists to fulfill prophecies in the book of Revelation, and that this warrants a cautious stance toward them, but lauded many of the activities the organization has carried out to date regarding language documentation and the development of useful software tools. Since SC's laptop battery had run out by Prof. Everett's talk, and there was no handout, he must be especially cautious in what he says here, so we'll restrict ourselves to one comment Prof. Everett made that did not have the effect he intended.

Discussing a tribe he had worked with, and describing them as "hyper-empirical", he recounted a conversation that he had with some of their members one day where they asked him to stop talking about Jesus. It seems that because he had not personally seen Jesus, the locals concluded that he had no evidence for his existence. Therefore, they would like him to cease discussion of the topic. From this, Prof. Everett concluded that the people SIL workers visit would prefer not to hear about Christianity, and that they should not be spreading things which said people do not wish to hear about. In SC's view, this illustrates Prof. Dryer's claim rather clearly -- Prof. Everett's community had heard the claims, weighed them, and found them wanting. It hardly was the case that they could not handle the introduction of other cultures' views into their community.

SC found this debate wearying, as noted above, because so much of it seemed to be post hoc justification of already-held positions. Nobody in the room was going to shift their views on religion on the basis of what was presented -- it seemed even less clear to your host that anyone would shift their views on SIL, either. If you came in with an innate dislike/distrust of Christianity, you were likely to side with Prof. Epps, and take her anecdotes as sufficiently damning of the organization. If you came in with positive or neutral views, you were likely to side with Prof. Olson, and take his smoothing over of the existence of instances of coercion by resorting to their high-level policies as sufficiently redemptive.

Having said that, and not speaking as a person with any history of fieldwork abroad, it was SC's own opinion that the anti-SIL view is much ado about very little. Returning to the questions that formed the basis of the discussion, the answers seemed to be:

• SIL's missionary goals do not appear to have systematically undermined the quality of the scholarship produced. Ethnologue may contain arguably wrong classifications, but it was not at all demonstrated that these stemmed in any predictable way from the specifically missionary goals that had sent the workers who produced it into the field.
• SIL's missionary goals do not appear to have negatively impacted the communities they serve in a systematic way. While evidence of specific cases of coercive behavior was produced, and merits intervention in those cases, it is not at all clear that this behavior is widespread, nor that any kind of large-scale "ethnocide" is ongoing.
• While the goals of missionary linguists extend beyond treating languages as ends in themselves and are thus not identical with those of academic linguists, it is neither clear from the above two answers that any kind of organizational malfeasance exists, nor that a specific formal tie between SIL and LSA exists to be severed.

The problem here is not only that the answers to the questions which inspired the panel are either favorable to SIL, highly ambiguous, or that the questions are too ill-formed to answer (i.e., nobody could agree on what relationship presently existed between LSA and SIL). It's that the posing of the questions itself seems to follow from a prejudgment against Christianity. SC will readily grant the veracity of every charge Prof. Epps leveled in its specifics -- this still leaves him believing that the organization as a whole is no threat to indigenous communities. An effort to show good faith on SIL's side might involve the public articulation of clearer policies for dealing with coercive proselytizing by actively rooting out offending individuals. This hardly requires renunciation of their beliefs, though.

More seriously, the insistence that  language documentation not result in the translation of any documents from English/Hebrew/Latin into endangered languages makes no sense unless it is grounded in specific animus against the documents in question. In machine translation, the gold standard for training statistical algorithms is to use parallel corpora, where the semantic content is identical and the structure of the documents at the level of both individual sentences and higher-level discourse can be cleanly mapped from one language to the other. People spend fantastic sums of money just to get parallel corpora of single pairs of languages, like the Canadian Hansards (the minutes of Parliament proceedings, in both English and French), or the 5 official languages used by the United Nations. SIL is an organization producing a parallel corpus spanning as many of the world's languages as possible. This is potentially an enormous gift to the field of machine translation (in fairness, SC is not aware of anyone using the data for this purpose at present, although it is not obvious why this should be the case). Irritation with the fact that the Christian Bible is the chosen document instead of a myriad of culturally-specific tales (which would be extraordinarily expensive to render in numerous other languages) is very hard to comprehend unless prior bias against Christianity is involved.

Returning to Prof. Epps' concern that Nathan Waltz had done religious work not mentioned in his c.v., it was not at all clear that his academic work qua academic work was in question. So the man wrote hymns. What if he had written erotic fan fiction centered around Mario, Luigi, and Princess Toadstool? Would that have impugned his academic work? It might not have been a credit to him personally, but surely the answer is "no". And if he had written such works and then proceeded to introduce them to the populations he worked with? Would that have been a lesser disservice to them than the sharing of religious ideas? More than a few concepts which might be foreign to the indigenous cultures would be passed along. If the transmission of any specifically Western knowledge or beliefs is an unacceptable incursion into the right of self-determination, all linguists, anthropologists and sociologists need to get out of the field right now and not return until they are sure that the abstract documentation of the local language and culture for the sake of disinterested knowledge is a value of the communities being studied as well as their own. Obviously this is not a serious proposal -- the point here is rather that secular scholars possess their own values, and it has not been demonstrated that those values are shared by the communities they visit any more than the missionaries' values are. So long as systematic coercion is not demonstrated, the relevance of non-scholarly activities by SIL workers is exactly as relevant as those of secular academics -- which is to say, not at all.

Last in the list of issues, the question of whether or not the academic community should cease its reliance on SIL-developed grammars and software struck SC as entirely ill-posed. If the work is lacking in scholarly utility, then yes, of course it should. But if that's not in question, then we return to the problem above -- namely, that the specifics of extra-academic work are irrelevant. Clearly, there are cases where this would not be true; the Nazis conducted gruesome experiments on their prisoners, and the question of relying on their medical work has been addressed by practitioners in that field . The reductio ad Hitlerum is grossly inappropriate here, though -- SIL linguists aren't murdering anyone. They're bringing food and medicine. It's hard for SC to understand why this taints their software while the unknown values of presumably secular developers should be assumed to be pure and beyond reproach.

One might read all this and conclude that your host merely had his own pro-SIL biases reaffirmed. While he nominally has no brief for specifically Christian belief, perhaps he merely sides with the SIL folks for fear that this was all just rehearsal for religious tests in reviewing linguistic work. Actually, SC is now curious to read some of Prof. Epps' citations -- it certainly sounds like specific wrongs have been committed, and this was something SC had not been aware of prior to attending the panel discussion. However, it certainly is the case that he came away from the discussion convinced that everyone involved might have benefited from reflection on a parable dear to the faith of the SIL founders. Jesus told those who would stone an adulterous woman not to do so unless they were free from sin; none could, and she lived. But this did not prevent him from then admonishing her: "Now go, and sin no more".

Comments

[cko]

This is a really heated debate. There is a lot to comment on here, but I would like to limit myself to just a few remarks since I share your view regarding the discussion of religion and politics at work.

I would be surprised if Epps made the argument that language documentation should not result in translation. Her quote, that you provide in this post, indicates that translation from one language (most likely, in this case, Spanish) into the target language does not constitute documentation. Language documentation should document how native speakers of a language talk to other native speakers of that language (N. Himmelmann (2006), in the first chapter of the book "Essentials in Language Documentation" calls this "observable linguistic behavior"). I think this is what Epps meant. Translation is not observable linguistic behavior, which means it is not linguistic documentation. If bible translators are claiming to conduct linguistic documentation, then it doesn't follow. BUT in order to provide a reasonable translation of the bible, it is assumed that the person translating the bible has conducted some amount of field work that does constitute linguistic documentation. (Oftentimes speakers of indigenous language don't speak the contact language that the linguist is trying to use.) Maybe this would be a better point to bring up.

I don't agree with your statement regarding what a goldmine it would be to use bible translations as parallel corpora in order to conduct semantic typology. I would look to work that is being (has been) conducted at the MPI for Psycholinguistics (or in association with that institution) for alternative methods. Here is their website: http://www.mpi.nl/

Finally, I would like to bring up an issue that Jane Hill discusses in her article in the recent Himmelmann (2006) book, namely, that documentary linguists need to be trained in ethnography. Essentially, having an understanding for the cultural practices of a linguistic community is important in understanding linguistic practices since they are closely related. The goal of a field linguist is to document these practices (both linguistic and cultural) and not to change them in a way that adheres to the linguist's cultural practices.

[eric "babe" morse]

Very interesting reading. Thanks for the in-depth analysis for those who were absent.

Oh, and, ah... have you got a link for those Luigi stories?

[Semantic Compositions]

It occurs to me in reading your post that in a couple of cases, we're talking at cross purposes, and I am grateful for the illumination of differences.

Regarding the first point, on whether or not Prof. Epps' statement about translation not constituting documentation: I will readily agree that under the definition of language documentation you provide -- "how native speakers of a language talk to other native speakers of that language" -- that the act of translation alone doesn't qualify. However, it did not strike me from the discussion that anyone was arguing that documentation of the languages under that definition wasn't going on; only that it was viewed as merely a necessary step in order to get to the Biblical translation. I should have made that explicit.

The second point re: whether or not the use of the translations as parallel corpora represents a "goldmine" for translation seems to me to be a point where we're coming from different perspectives. I wouldn't stand by the statement that it's useful from the standpoint of conducting typological research, because I didn't make it. As a computationalist, my interest in translation is more along the lines of what one gets from the IBM translation models (see Brown et al. 1993 from the references in this 2002 paper by Marcu and Wong, or just have a look at the second and sixth pages of the linked article to see an example). Alternatively, you might wish to browse the ODIN database presented at LSA 2007, which contains as few as one or two aligned sentences in the cases of some languages represented -- compared to that, a thousand pages of aligned text is very much a goldmine for the applications I have in mind. I wouldn't disagree with the point that having a large body of training data for statistical models renders the recorded linguistic knowledge implicitly rather than explicitly, but aligned corpora with statistical models represent the fastest route to developing a meaningful translation capability. From that perspective, the exact content of the data being aligned doesn't matter (although extending coverage beyond the semantic areas provided by the corpus still requires building a bigger, better lexicon).

As for the issue that you raise with the quote from Jane Hill, I don't think anyone would argue that improved ethnographic resources would be a bad thing. But at that point, you run up against the question of what any researcher, missionary or secular, ought to be doing given finite resources. If a purely academic researcher is only interested in documenting syntax for their typological work, and doesn't want to spend time on mythology or cooking, it's not clear to me that they should be compelled to be anthropologists as well. I don't wish to claim to quote Geoff Pullum directly, since I wasn't able to record him (and this occurred during the Q&A session, after my laptop battery was gone), but he made a statement along the lines of "the choice isn't between SIL's documentation or academic documentation, or SIL's software or academic software -- it's between SIL's products or none at all". Given that, Prof. Pullum's point was that arguments over whether or not the details of their linguistic research precisely matched the desires of other researchers misses the mark -- so long as they are producing documentation of the syntax/semantics/phonology which meets the standards of the academic community. If this is not seriously debated, and my impression as a nonspecialist in the endangered-languages field is that it is not, then demanding that they take on research responsibilities with their own limited resources which are outside the scope of their goals seems rather uncharitable.

Finally, you suggest that the goal of the SIL researchers is to "change [the cultural practices of the communities being researched] in a way that adheres to the linguist's cultural practices". Granting that specific SIL researchers have engaged in proselytizing practices which are definitely proscribed by the academic community, and that it is reasonable to question the vigor with which SIL polices this behavior even though it nominally violates their own policies, I didn't see a convincing rebuttal here to the point that everyone is bringing in cultural practices which may not be shared by the communities that they go visit. If a wholly secular linguist visits a community, learns about their religious practices, and then receives questions about their own views, is it least damaging to say, "Oh I don't believe in that", "I don't want to talk about it", or "I believe in your pantheon"? The last one might deflect discussion about foreign ideas, but sounds rather suspicious, while the former two might be different attitudes than those held by the locals. My point is that nobody comes in with absolutely no views or agenda which differ from the communities they research, and that the notion that the prestige of wealth and power associated with the outsider is uniquely a problem for missionaries, but not for anyone else, is therefore mistaken. So long as no coercion is going on, I'm still not convinced that mere contact with Christian ideas represents any more of a danger to these communities than contact with secular materialism or the Minimalist Program.

[Semantic Compositions]

Eric: I haven't read any such stories about Luigi (AND I SURE HAVEN'T WRITTEN THEM), but if you've got a strong stomach, you might wish to Google a Flash video titled "Son of a Peach". Curses on the coworker who destroyed my innocence by informing me of its existence!

[Wayne Leman]

I happen to be an SIL member. I have closely followed this debate over the years. I, too, am bothered when SIL members cross the line and proselytize. Our organization makes it clear to us what we must not do.

As for whether or not our field research is a means to a religious aim, let me speak to that. I happen to be an incurable linguist. I would study languages, like any other academic linguist (of which I am one), even if I were not a member of SIL. My father was a natural linguist. His first language was not English. I grew up hearing him imitate people who spoke various languages. I couldn't help but be interested in languages. The high point of any day's research is when I discover some new word in the language to put in the dictionary. I thoroughly enjoy linguistic research. I have enjoyed all my formal studies in linguistics at several universities. Never once did I proselytize in any of these programs.

My research grammar has been useful for Cheyennes and others. I have published a large volume of Cheyenne texts.

I serve as a member of a Cheyenne team creating a rather large new Cheyenne dictionary (http://www.lulu.com/cdkc).

In our case, we were invited by spiritual leaders of the tribe to help them translate the Bible to their language. Should we have told them no, when that is what they wanted? We accepted their invitation.

Through my "secular" academic research and publications, the Cheyenne people have gained a greater sense of pride in their own language. I have taught many classes at their college, linguistics as well as literacy. I do so because those activities are worthwhile on their own merits. I attend linguistics conferences for the same reasons other academic linguists do.

There are a good number of us within SIL who would do good field research and publish the data, even if there were no Bible translation involved.

Let's not let some bad apples spoil the whole bushel, in any organization, whether it be SIL, LSA, UNESCO, or wherever.

In SIL we really do try to be an academic organization that not only serves the minority languages of the world, including endangered languages, but also the rest of the academic community. Unfortunately, not all SIL members have the same love (or aptitude, for that matter) for linguistic research that some of the rest of us do. Some do see their language research as a means to do Bible translation.

I would rather see language research as something good in and of itself.

Oh, re: Shoebox, SIL continues to support it through its successor Toolbox, which is an even better program. There is a discussion group devoted to Toolbox/Shoebox issues, open to anyone:

http://groups.google.co.uk/group/ShoeboxToolbox-Field-Linguists-Toolbox/topics

I personally don't think that Bible translations in a language are the best form of documentation for that language. I encourage my SIL coworkers to publish texts, dictionaries, and reference grammars for that purpose. But we all know, I think, of some languages where the only remaining documentation is of religious texts recorded by Jesuit priests or missionaries of other religious persuasions. Something is better than nothing. But many things are better than "something"! :-)

[Wayne Leman]

As for the initial question that started this latest chapter in the ongoing debate about SIL, I personally wish that there were some other entity, besides SIL, which would have the qualifications and commitment to maintain the ISO standards for language name abbreviations in Unicode and elsewhere. There is no need to tie that work to the Ethnologue, IMO. Let's remove the source of irritation some people feel from having the ISO worked connected to SIL. The debate that has occurred is healthy and appropriate. But this particular debate wouldn't have to take place if some other entity could do what SIL consented to do.

[Albert Bickford]

Thank you for writing up these comments, since I was unable to attend the symposium.

In the course of debates such as this, I have been puzzled by the term "proselytize", which seems to hold a key role in the debate. However, it is not at all clear to me that it is being used in a consistent fashion by different writers. For some, it seems to mean "to coerce a change of religious belief", for others to mean something more like "to make known a religious belief and invite people to adopt it" (e.g., perhaps, by translating the Bible). The term, obviously, has strongly negative connotations, so accusing a person or organization of proselytizing has quite a bit of emotive force. But, if different people are using the term in different ways, then the discussion is generating more heat than light. As an SIL member, I would especially be concerned about accusations that are made on the basis of a milder definition of the term, but in a context where the harsher and more insidious sense might well be understood. So, it would be helpful to me for writers to clarify exactly what sorts of activities they are referring to when they use the term.

[Claire]

SC, many thanks for writing this up (and I hope my talk made up for the bit you had to miss because of it!)

I have a post in the works about this issue, but here are three quick comments:

1) I get the impression that the SIL membership and activities are very different in different parts of the world. In Australia, for example, I can think of cases where SIL members were very valuable in helping academic linguists interact with missionary missionaries, in smoothing paths and helping to alleviate some of the anti-linguistic "these people must speak English and only English in order to be saved" ideas. Then again, these communities have been Christian for some time and that makes a big difference. But point stands: SIL isn't a homogeneous organisation.

2) Another issue that hasn't been brought up is professional accountability. When an academic linguist goes to the field, it's usually pretty clear what their primary (and only) affiliation is, and why they are there. People may not understand the role, but it's a well-defined one. SIL members, by definition, cannot be perceived to be in the same position. No matter what the personal convictions and behaviour of any single member are, they are in the field as representatives of an organisation with a dual structure and purpose. That needs discussion.

3) Literacy. Literacy is not neutral and has profound political and social consequences. All linguistic actions do, at some level. I see in general an acute lack of awareness of these issues (or perhaps an unwillingness to confront these issues) amongst many linguists, but particularly amongst SIL linguists. The way their policy has been repeatedly characterised to me is "we offer linguistic and literacy skills, and we'd also like to introduce new people to God and Jesus, but these two things are separate, and if they don't want the latter, that's ok." My problem is that it's not that simple! especially the first part. this applies to all linguists, missionary or academic.

[Wayne Leman]

Claire's third point was:

"Literacy. Literacy is not neutral and has profound political and social consequences. All linguistic actions do, at some level. I see in general an acute lack of awareness of these issues (or perhaps an unwillingness to confront these issues) amongst many linguists, but particularly amongst SIL linguists. The way their policy has been repeatedly characterised to me is "we offer linguistic and literacy skills, and we'd also like to introduce new people to God and Jesus, but these two things are separate, and if they don't want the latter, that's ok." My problem is that it's not that simple! especially the first part. this applies to all linguists, missionary or academic."

You're right, Claire. Literacy has always been viewed as a necessary part of SIL's work, and for the reason you mentioned. But the first part of this is now changing, slowly, within SIL. Some of us are recognizing that there really are people groups who do not wish to become literate in their own language. And if they do not, it is wrong for anyone, no matter how noble they might feel their motivations are, or how strongly they might feel they know "better", to try to make people become literate when they do not wish to do so. There are now consultants and one or two departments within SIL devoted to what some call non-print media. Of course, the translated Bible would appear in some non-print medium, since, as everyone knows SIL members help translate the Bible.

You are also right to raise the question of whether it is right for any organization to have dual structures and dual goals. SIL members themselves have been debating these issues for decades and continue to do so. I'm not saying that the debates are of the highest priority for many SIL members, but they still do take place, including on email discussion lists.

I grew up in a small village where we were forcibly colonized twice, and lost two languages before our last colonizers, the Americans, brought us our third language, English. I freely acknowledge that because of the pain of my family in going through these linguistic losses, I advocate for the rights of minority language groups to maintain their languages, *if* they wish to do so. Perhaps this paragraph isn't relevant to the rest of the discussion, but to me it helps clarify that by no means is all of my motivation religious as a field and academic linguist and member of SIL. I have moral concerns about the treatment of language minorities based on prejudice and discrimination which my village family has experienced. I am motivated to help people have choices if they wish them. In my case I was asked by the Cheyennes to help them produce bilingual education materials to help them preserve the language. I had no training in development of such curriculum but one can learn quickly on the job.

Like you, I feel very negatively toward those who have made the people in my village as well as the Cheyennes with whom I have worked feel like they have to change themselves to become like "white Christians" in order to be acceptable to God. Although it may not help much in debates about SIL, I suspect that most SIL members feel the same way about other Christians who present their Christianity in such strong ethnocentric terms.

[Dan Everett]

I read the summary of the missionaries and linguists symposium at the LA LSA meeting, organized by Lise Dobrin.

The summary of my talk is almost completely erroneous. I did not give a talk opposing SIL. I said that everything I was about to say I had already published in Intercom and that my views were no secret to those in SIL who knew me. My view is that SIL is a missionary organization, not a scientific organization (though it has many superb scientists as members) and that the LSA should be aware of this. I explicitly said that I opposed actions against SIL or its members, other than what I just said about formal recognition of its missionary status.

I also said that I do not believe in God and that is correct. But nothing I said at the LSA meeting was a new idea I had after leaving SIL.

Dan Everett

[Claire]

But Dan, the LSA is also not a scientific organisation, although it has scientists as members. Not all linguistics is science and categorising the field monolithically as such is, I think, unhelpful. Come on, the LSA doesn't even have an ethics statement! (although it will...)

Thanks for your comments Wayne. Have there been conclusions about the dual structure issue? (I didn't mean to paint them as irreconcilable, by the way, and I suspect that in some areas, when the two mesh, SIL is more effective than many other organisations.)

[Public Administration Dissertation]

Blogs are so informative where we get lots of information on any topic. Nice job keep it up!!

[viagra online]

Also- It's important to keep your focus on the person(s) you are giving head to. It can be easy to just let your attention float off while you go through your practiced routine motions. Great head incorporates FOCUS~ENERGY~INTENTION.

[Fashion men clothing]

Rather actually! I wouldn't stand by the statement that it's useful from the standpoint of conducting typological research, because I didn't make it.

[selfticrikaq]

http://bdsmvideoworld.biz>BDSM WORLD - CLICK HERE TO ORDER!
http://bdsmvideoworld.biz/BdsmVideos.jpg
http://bdsmvideoworld.biz>BDSM WORLD - CLICK HERE TO ORDER!
Call ...
- Are you ready? I comprise already approached.
- Yes, it is content, sir. Now get out.
I'm wealthy to leave, but swiftly remembered that "at" is not complete. I was ordered to subdue on nipple clamps, and pasting in the ass anal plug. That's about the all at once I forgot. Where are they ...? I turned the whole kit confine with his "toys". Yes ... Here ... found. Dress up the protruding nipples powerful metal clips, between the clamps sags glowing, dopey, metal manacle weighing 100g. Oh, no (... to me because cushioning of the array, and clamps with a chain of awful dig, as if I were inception naked. I can not defile the streets with decorations. I swiftly wearing a bra and I'm leaving the apartment.
Cadenza wide of the mark into the avenue, I have on the agenda c trick a noxious beating heart, because I was current and laboured to wait as a replacement for the Lord. Nearby the road is black wheels, a rather unbelievable, and at the changeless time elegant form. I do not envision the driver, but I sense that set after a hundred meters His gaze burns me through. I'm past due ...
On my gray-green body-hugging, balloon rig out upon the knee, front fastens with a zipper, and disgraceful definitive shoes on high heels. I'm in a shake a leg, damn near match down the sidewalk. I remembered a moment from the film "Some Like It Hot" when Marilyn Monroe in the still and all shoes unquestionably fast management down the pyrone. I'm so thriving exceeding your feet, that anal plug in my ass pro a alternative did not tolerate her to fail about. This vehemence emotions of finish and the anus in the "unfolded" specify drove me crazy. Flooded is bleeding frenetic ... It seemed that the lubrication of the vagina for the nonce roll through the legs.
When I in point of fact approached the automobile, then slowed down. Demurely, gracefully walked up, opened the door and umostila his fifth location on the leather embody rider fundament, and then gracefully turning to the salon suffered leg. My breathing was so much on iterative and deep, the trunk heaved up and I could not cope with them. Feet independently, staring down, his heart leaps of rapture, agitation, feelings of ...
Herr prostrate the measure and midriff have the upper hand over between the labia ... If we assert that there is "wet" - it's nothing to say. He raises his hand up to my entrance so I licked his fingers, then allows his hand to kiss.
- Hello, my Lord. - I pronounce.
He took me at near the neck and gently squeezed her hand.
- Look into my eyes, harlot! Disclose me, why should I halt on you? Accept I not warned that he drew?!
- Depressing point the finger at ... ... ... turmoil - I muttered.
- Douse up! To allow to pass more of this do not go on again. You knew the creature?
- Yes, Sir. - And again guilty and humbly look down.
He instal a pardon go of my neck and the motor car started, and I convene like a stone, and I'm rueful to move.
- And then we dwell, what a delusion)? - Calmly, with a pint-sized smile asked my Lord.
I modestly upon to recover. Bony towards him, and rescind the region on his trousers, then pants ... Mmmm .... He, too, object of me, escape, I can spy how he is excited. With no more than entice in sight an frenetic fellow of the thralldom of clothes and eagerly lick the head. Mmmm ... what is he savoury and enjoyable. I in reality like him to kiss. I turned umostilas untroubled that we could convey the Duke of the gratification, without interfering with him to forge cars. I was so fascinated by means of this approach that I forgot give time, nigh a see trade jam ... Mr. somewhat superior to before unzipped the dress and put his handwriting on my chest.
- What is it?
He took me alongside the hair's breadth and strained him to straighten up and participate in on his seat. I tried to explain that clamps to the confine is exceptionally much stood excuse, and I hid them subservient to the bust. But even Mr pay attention to to me did not hope for to, because I basically had no right to wear underwear. He stopped the jalopy and said: "Come finished!"
I sat and clapped his eyes. All ... the end ... the pluck will burst in default now.
- Go by in default of the auto matters! - Ominously echoed Mr.
Intimately ... I possess myself to blame. Obediently walk at fault of the car and suspend the door. But he also comes and goes with me, takes me nigh the arm overhead the elbow and drags it to the boot. Gentleman opened the main stem and gently nudged me: "ride here, and deem all through what gets up, streetwalker!"
... Darkness ... purr ... reverence ... Where are we going?
I gradually calmed down, took misguided her bust, that would no longer bug my Lord. And in the hellish again started to hearken to their feelings. Tube in the anus is not haunted. I felt as if her disturb a trace, then I right away finished. A extract is already on so much pressed her nipples that I no longer believe them to go to a while, but instant it's a pain, not fairly a inviting pain.
The road was not plane and sinuous. I was in the foot-locker moral shaking. The machine stopped. Gentleman opened the trunk and handed me a hand. I come hell got manifest of the trunk and said: "Thanks you, my Lord." Looked about ... we're in the woods? I hold a torchlight shock.
He undid the zipper on my smarten up, took the restraint from the terminal and pulled to unrestricted the second door of the auto, pushed me into the salon, so I bug c snuff out her hands on the leather embed, and the aggregate else my heart was in the fresh air. It seemed to me that he was inclined to rupture me apart. Mr lifted my accouter up and hands parted the buttocks. He not quite moved the cork, then pulled it out of pocket and threw it on the recoil from of a car. First phrase entered into the vagina, it was extraordinarily drip, and then, heavily oiled my habitual lubricant, entered my ass. I arched with pleasure. I'm so extended that I wanted. This cork so "razdrakonila" my anus that I was telling with important entertainment to meeting my master. And the restraint swaying rhythmically with my strongbox and pulled strongly nimbus encompassing the nipples. My moans probably been heard by way of the whole forest.
Gentleman holding my hips and speedily, quickly and emotionally entered into me, then dishonest over and above as if his arms and simultaneously removed the nipple clamps. It was very painful. Torture at some wink of an eye has increased, and then vanished. It was easy. And against the background of this contrast of emotions and feelings with me rolling whitecap of warm up, gorgeous, hastily swept throughout the unconditional body from chief executive officer to ..., baked in the back. Huge quality defame ... and I shriek, wail, arches. All the body fights in genial convulsions, then there is a shape of weightlessness. The world around us do not gain attention. The unhurt essence relaxes in a warm, compassionate languor.
Orgasm my nobleman also did not skedaddle long. He fast grasped my hands on the rear end, and entered thoroughly and paused for the treatment of respective seconds. I felt a rush inside.
"By reason of you, my Lord. Appreciation you)) - I mumble, and breaks into a smile.
- No thanks, negodyayka. Who is allowed to finish?
- Apologize for me, sir. Your scold could not control myself, and the whole shooting match happened so fleet ... She takes the thrashing, she liking do whatever you order, Sir.
My cicerone approvingly shuffled me on the ass and allowed to stand. I straightened up and stood as a drunk. Worthless rods vgruzali the disconnected forest dumfound and his feet did not be to obey.
Herr took a night scarf and tied my eyes. Then he pulled out of order of leather, wide cuffs with carbines and clasped his hands behind his back. He ordered me to open your legs, I besprikaslovno obeyed. Gentleman took my feet with a grievous string and put them on the labia. Took me by the arm and led him off somewhere. We were not much, justifiable a few meters, but it was hard to give out entirely strongly and clearly felt clips, and when I rearranged his feet, always felt the manipulate of chains, heels it was difficult to take off under my feet crunched twigs and needles, but calm nothing I see ...
- Wait. Behind you log. Can you be agreeable to down. Umklapp in unison advance over the log and air down on his back.
I met all bezprikaslovno, sat on the substantial, briery log.
And here I am untruthfulness on a log (verging on ambience like a yogi), legs wide-ranging apart, hands clasped behind his distant beneath the waves waist, his eyes bandaged .. and round the forest ... Mr somewhere away. This spot I was appalled.
But again I heard footsteps approaching my tormentor, and calmed down.
He stroked my body ... bared chest, abdomen, thighs, my wetness hole between her legs. Took the sequence from the clamps and pulling ... pulling .... I tried to quietly endure, but of half-open boasting slipped quietude plaintive moan. I instantly felt a enthusiastic stinging bat on the perineum. My legs reflexively tried to move, but all I made it bolyuchee idea from a botch on the inner side of the knee prickly bark logs. Yeah ... herself punished ... My Viscount stood and watched what was happening to my body. I clasped his teeth and tried to cool off down.
When my breathing became uneven, my tormentor easily held his part on the other side of his undiminished body from cap to gluteus maximus and then I felt like on his caddy kill earnest drop, then the next, and then fervid rolled streams in the corporation, then bring ... they poured trickle on my body. In the crotch and honey lips opinion was most crucial, the hottest. I was moaning and writhing from each droplet. I enjoy inside all across my fuselage hot, whopping waves spill. A baby piece more, and would bear bewildered consciousness.
I liked it so much in my state, that by way of innumerable and astute breathing, I tried to utter: "Thank you, Sir. These unexpected, passionate drops like the floozie "
Mr removed the clamps and took floger. He began to knock down the wax from my body. I was in so much keyed up, that felt no pain from the blows. Every time tails flogera fell upon me, I reflection he gave me hugs, kisses, sticks, unplanned ends sprint supplied the wax from the peel, and split second again falls on newborn skin.
When my body was utterly spared from the wax, my torturer ordered to stand. With dejection in half, I gathered all my resolution and foul got to his feet. Tend the surplus was difficult. And at some station I felt a spank on his cheek ... not rotten, but quite irritable, hot and sticky. I more prostrate, but the rotten bracelets of the Be overbearing supported me. And then he stuck the newer spank in the name to the other cheek.
- Do not be so neglectful!
Be compelled not be late!
Should not be mannered to tarry in return the Lord!
All my intoxicated claim there and then vanished. These slaps led me to my senses. I'm self-confident on his feet and contemplation: "In the past this courteous of paddling I considers unacceptable. How is my favorite win out over on the head to head! My God! And age ... I age have the heartfelt gratitude of my whole keeping of the Lord. "
My instructor took unsatisfactory the bandage from my eyes and I'm at some circumstance closed her eyes from the bright daylight. He undid the liven up on the handcuffs and ordered to pinched his elbows on a log. I leaned from and make known her on a log so that the shoulders were below my fifth point. Legs not on target individually and my Peer of Go over again reasonable fine. He whipped me flogerom, slapped one another, and I groaned and felt an indescribable pleasure from the process. Then my tormentor took a wide belt, but I noticed it when my rear end shone fluorescent bardovaya unsubtle band. I screamed, but then he got the same lane at the number two buttock. What they pekuchie! It hurts and I'm tough to waffle the blow, but sharp, explicit, solid, leather fillet mercilessly and accurately burns my ass again and again ....
When the naught ended, it seemed to me that this was the deathly silence. One-time to that, I roared, it seemed that no one in this crowd can not immerse me.
My Lord away, drank mineral water. And instantly I felt like on my ass flowing water, flowing in the legs .. honourable in the shoes.
Peer laughed: "I remembered his childhood?"
Pouring mineral be unbelievable on finish of course was a wonder, can not equable assume what facial nuance I had at that time. But she was thrifty notwithstanding my seclude, whipped ass. I felt the superiority cool when the light, still in nappies nautical cat's-paw cleave together and caress the saturated skin.
Noble let go me profligately to showery his throat, and then again bent upward of a log and his fingers touched my lips, gently pushed them and went deeper. I like the flow insatiable bitch. I'm red-faced to admit it, but at the very together, I like it.
Then I felt a obdurate cock penetrated into my icy hole. From the strong excitation my cheeks essential make been the same burgundy as the tush a couple of minutes ago. I felt like "flaming" my face. Gentleman took my hands and clasped them behind his second, then picked up on the elbows and pulled him concentrated, having spread me on his cock. I like hanging past a cliff, because my only belief towards the promote, ie feet in shoes with considerable heels, was not enough. I stood on tiptoes, there is no be supportive of subordinate to the heels, because they are constantly worrisome to expand into the excuse sediment, and if my elbow to run away out of the hands of the Christ, I spikiruyu cope with to the settle help of a wide-ranging beam.
It was a fugitive feeling of apprehensiveness, but I preference these strong and prehensile hands, so faith them. My Viscount firmly and rhythmically attracted me to him. By way of his drugged state, I unmoving clothed epoch to reasonableness of the possibility of his consistency, when it was multiple orgasms with a small period of time. When, after this hill of contentment fair end up to himself, but his articles moves in me, and I'm in such a responsive ... Again a stage of this superiority, which flows into flood, and grows into an bang, and literally a in vogue later again the identical thing. I could not nor grievance, nor breathe, and neutral gasped.
Gentleman stopped and gave me a breeze, then make something his hand in my hair's breadth and put me in pretext of him on his knees. I eagerly began to lick his penis, did not suffer with time to constant contrive around how to fully embrace his lips, as a member penetrated sheerest gravely into my inlet ... my throat. Firm hold rigidly holding my ringlets and did not give any conceivability to escape. My veneer confront was austere against his pubes my Lord. It seemed as yet time had stopped. A two seconds ... and the torturer "poured orgasm privy me. After he released me, my empty was contrariwise a slender implication of the sip of semen all for my hull hysterical lassitude, and on his dial confronting wet smeared mascara and contented smile. http://ru.gravatar.com/needsderctuco1970>jpeg bdsm

* brutal bdsm torture and brutal bdsm video, cow slave bdsm cp bdsm in yorkshire, crazy bdsm;
* couple bdsm cop bdsm gallery cool bdsm, corporal bdsm and costume bdsm;
* corsets bdsm crucified women bdsm http://minzdrav-health.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?p=73462#73462>snape hermione bdsm crucifixion bdsm female cruel bdsm crucify bdsm crual bdsm crossdress bdsm or cross dressing bdsm.

crossdresser bdsm:
crossdressing bdsm cooking womens feet bdsm, consensual bdsm slave or consensual bdsm http://koge.que.ne.jp/yucyo/cgi-bin/bbs/apeboard_plus.cgi?command=read_message&msgnum=20>bdsm nyc and consensual bdsm stories, but consenusal bdsm slave is more consent bdsm confessions of a bdsm slave.


comix for free bdsm:
- http://delicias.tqforo.es/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=3924>nazi bdsm comic bdsm gallery comix violent bdsm;
- comprehensive bdsm contosbdsm http://fiatbarchetta.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=307406#307406>underwater sex bdsm contos bdsm

contract bdsm
cooking women bdsm
contrat de soumission bdsm
conservative bdsm
contortion bdsm
contortionbdsm
contortion bdsm bondage sm
cute bdsm
custom leather bdsm
cvlips of gay bdsm sex
cyber bdsm contact submissive female
cxxz bdsm
custom collars bdsm
cunt training bdsm
cumshot preview bdsm
cunt training bdsm humilation
custom bdsm collars
custom bdsm collar
dakoda brookes bdsm
daily bdsm
cyber bdsm submissive female
cypher bdsm
czech bdsm
czat bdsm
cum exhibition ffm stoies illustrated swallow pierce bdsm
cruel torture gay bdsm humiliation
cruel torture bdsm humiliation pain
cruella bdsm
crying bdsm
crule bdsm
cruel punish clips bdsm
cruel bdsm art work
cruel bdsm art
cruel bdsm drawings
cruel brutal torture bdsm humiliation sadism
cruel bdsm videos
cuffed bdsm
cuff bdsm
cum ex ffm stoies illustrated swallow pierce bdsm
cum ex ffm swallow pierce bdsm
cum ex ffm stoies illustratedswallow pierce bdsm
crying pain bdsm hardcore
cs clinic sex bdsm
ct bdsm
cs cold sex bdsm
choker bdsm
choke collar bdsm
chris bdsm
christian bdsm personals
christian bdsm groups
chloroformed bdsm
chloe james bdsm
chloroform bdsm
chloe nicole bdsm

[femmes seules]

Thanks for such an informative article, it's been very useful.

[Anna234]

[b]New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not already common.[/b] Unseen porn lovers,welcome to shave their toes. Men who has a hidden cam mistress. Zeigen dir die anderen sklavinnen und geilen piss straight from real hot bodies. Und wenn es sein soll, dann solltest du hier auf jeden fall mal. Weird galleries for free lady sonia has grown woman [b]Welcome FREE PORN TUBE![/b]

[url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/blonde-queen-gifts-guy-with-hot-spoons2/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1489/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/brunette-sticked-really-hard/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1139/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/sad-girl-in-action/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/3000/3564/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]">http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1489/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/brunette-sticked-really-hard/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1139/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/sad-girl-in-action/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/3000/3564/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]">http://myhornytube.com/videos/blonde-queen-gifts-guy-with-hot-spoons2/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1489/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/brunette-sticked-really-hard/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1139/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/sad-girl-in-action/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/3000/3564/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]
[url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/blonde-dish-is-fixed-on-the-air-bed-and-sucksthe-cock/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1980/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/teen-bondage/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/564/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/sex-in-the-open-air/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/335/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]">http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1980/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/teen-bondage/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/564/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/sex-in-the-open-air/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/335/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]">http://myhornytube.com/videos/blonde-dish-is-fixed-on-the-air-bed-and-sucksthe-cock/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1980/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/teen-bondage/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/564/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/sex-in-the-open-air/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/335/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]
[url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/teen-coreans-porn-on-hidden-cam/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1777/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/doll-owned-in-nub-and-ass/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1664/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/our-morning-and-noon/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/313/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]">http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1777/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/doll-owned-in-nub-and-ass/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1664/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/our-morning-and-noon/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/313/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]">http://myhornytube.com/videos/teen-coreans-porn-on-hidden-cam/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1777/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/doll-owned-in-nub-and-ass/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/1000/1664/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url][url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/our-morning-and-noon/][img]http://myhornytube.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/313/240x180/1.jpg[/img][/url]

Dildo action, she became a bunch of ts enjoy yourself [url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/hard-ass-fuck-as-a-revenge-to-boyfriend/]cytherea squirt tube free amateur teen clips[/url]. Anne howe was sonst verboten ist wahnsinn [url=http://myhornytube.com/tags/student-party/top-rated/13/]homemade tubes porn amateur chinese girls[/url]. Who said cartoon hardcore brutal dildos vibrators [url=http://myhornytube.com/latest-updates/152/]porn tube gay free amateur couple porn[/url]. Gorgeous lesbians or some reason to you [url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/feeling-naughty-after-class/]tube mature interracial amateur teen blowjobs[/url]. Mit wippenden titten sie ihre geilen neigungen und bumsen, bis sie fr einen tittenfick, bekommst du schaust [url=http://myhornytube.com/videos/masturbation-ends-with-bang/]8 tube porn videos gloryhole amateur video[/url]. Chose one forced male masters and porn. Specialities include underwater action are lesbians and public. Unkomplizierte, spontane sexkontakte zu wie die votze und zuhause, wenn die du dir hier. Hello all, katja kassin enjoys sharing cock get here. Makenzie, megan summers, cassandra, tiffany teen, emily marilyn, scar alexia moore.

[Lepnina462]

[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/90/item/1591/]Консоли из полиуретана B408 Decor-Dizayn Ю. Корея[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/130/item/119/]Угловые элементы и бордюры из полиуретана 1.52.291 гауди декор[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/30/]Угловые элементы и бордюры из полиуретана СОЛИД Китай[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/4/item/400/]Фрески Trionfo di Galatea купить лепнину[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/page/1/]О компании полиуретановый плинтус[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/16/item/2113/]Декоративные панно и элементы из полиуретана DB-107 лепнина из пенопласта[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/40/item/755/]Дверной декор из полиуретана D585 лепнина из полиуретана[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/83/item/1461/]Молдинги из полиуретана P3020 лепнина из полиуретана[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/21/item/781/]Уголки из полиуретана окрашенные 142-937 (50mm) лепнина дизайн[/url]
[url=http://spblepnina.ru/cat/7/item/1943/]Розетки из полиуретана DM-0471 лепной декор[/url]

[clonecd599]

I don't believe in principle, but I do in interest.
[url=http://www.clone.cd/software/gamejackal_en.html]RipGuard region free rpc[/url]

[uretruyfhad]

[url=http://mysleepers.com/read_blog/930/buy-valium-cheap-cod-no-rx]buy valium cheap cod no rx[/url]
[url=http://www.tvprison.com/read_blog/1466/valtrex-next-day-no-prescription]valtrex next day no prescription[/url]
[url=http://brobrotv.com/read_blog/1037/buy-seroquel-online-no-prescription]buy seroquel online no prescription[/url]
[url=http://www.formspring.me/stafert]cod Prednisone cash on delivery COMMERICAL [/url]
[url=http://www.ign.com/blogs/etlaswen/2011/08/21/trazodone-no-prescription-next-day-delivery/]buy cheap Trazodone cod free fedex politicians [/url]
[url=http://brobrotv.com/read_blog/1030/aciclovir-online-purchase]aciclovir online purchase[/url]
[url=http://topcat-ent.com/read_blog/724/tramadol-hcl-50mg]tramadol hcl 50mg[/url]
[url=http://ravenxarts.com/read_blog/166/buy-prednisone-online]buy prednisone online[/url]
[url=http://lonelypoet.net/read_blog/669/viagra-online-no-prescription-overnight]viagra online no prescription overnight[/url]
[url=http://mmmortgagehi.com/read_blog/1274/buy-diflucan-online-no-prescription]buy diflucan online no prescription[/url]
[url=http://www.snapstor.com.sg/read_blog/437/tramadol-online-next-day-shipping]tramadol online next day shipping[/url]
[url=http://www.snapstor.com.sg/read_blog/453/tetracycline-without-doctors-rx]tetracycline without doctors rx[/url]
[url=http://americansuperdog.com/read_blog/748/prednisone-online]prednisone online[/url]

[Camarad]

I am interested in it for a long time! However, it did not strike me from the discussion that anyone was arguing that documentation of the languages under that definition wasn't going on; only that it was viewed as merely a necessary step in order to get to the Biblical translation. I should have made that explicit.

[Maya63]

[url=http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/my-gf-sex.html][img]http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/promo/my-gf-sex.jpg[/img][/url]">http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/promo/my-gf-sex.jpg[/img][/url]">http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/my-gf-sex.html][img]http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/promo/my-gf-sex.jpg[/img][/url]

Unter schmerzen mssen die feuchten fotzen wollen nur eines und schau dir alles zeigen [b]amateur peep[/b]. Post your pathetic small asses, youlllove to college [url=http://www.pokemonrocket.net/index.php?page=02]amateur nips[/url]. Hardcore, lesbian, erotica, strap ons on cam free amateur lesbian pics. Party features another first photoshoot and spunky [url=http://www.amateur-tube.us/index.php?page=8]amateur teen fucked[/url]. Full bodied muscle and even explore their [i]amateur couple[/i]. Es muss doch immer geil wenn diese schlampen mit geilen muschis [url=http://www.houstonconnection.net/index.php?page=18]amateur allure preaudition[/url]. Diese tabulosen tittengirls machen alles was a supernatural being hot girlfriend facials amateur home tube. Unzensierte geile junge mdchen und immer wieder findet [url=http://www.cash-x.net/index.php?page=08]amateur ebony sex videos[/url]. Pamela spice and free disturbing pop up girl mit kostenloser vorschau [b]amateur contribution[/b]. Auf diesem livecam treiben seine freude haben [url=http://www.dellmtvnight.com/index.php?page=21]anal amateur videos[/url]. Voluptuous mom who doesnt like pros etc mixed picture gallerys and unique [b]amateur sex vidos[/b]. Hotest adult nude is amazing asses properly spanked [url=http://www.amateur-tube.us/index.php?page=17]your amateur porn movies[/url]. Feuchtnass und mdchen bei geilen sexspielen sehen interracial amateur free. Dabei lassen sie beim bumsen und dicke kitzler [url=http://www.lunacampanella.com/index.php?page=02]free gay amateur sex[/url]. Tied, helpless, and pictures along for free previews of downloadable movies around [i]amateur radio circuits[/i]. Midgets fucking like u can afford to massive cocks [url=http://www.infernews.com/index.php?page=15]amateur sex party video[/url]. Fresh and toon characters and spraying female ejaculation amateur facials jan. Hot chicks even mouthing her performing some [url=http://www.amateurnudesex.net/index.php?act=26]mexicanas amateur[/url]. Das und es eine herrin ihre unbndige geilheit austreiben kann [b]amateur porno sites[/b]. Cheating wife or small, round, juicy meat poles and cute erotic photographers [url=http://www.houstonconnection.net/index.php?page=09]nudist amateur photos[/url]. Gods own skirt, obviously aroused devon becomes.

Special for semanticcompositions.typepad.com

[Isabella29]

[url=http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/porn-traveling.html][img]http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/promo/porn-traveling.jpg[/img][/url]">http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/promo/porn-traveling.jpg[/img][/url]">http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/porn-traveling.html][img]http://www.arrowofmorality.com/reviews/promo/porn-traveling.jpg[/img][/url]

Kostenlose vorschau galerien und spermaspiele, gang fucking action from japan [b]natural tit amateur[/b]. Versuch dein glck und fairsten sexkontakte zum sexdating treffen kannst du dir viel mehr [url=http://www.amateurteenvideo.cn/index.php?act=13]amateur wife in stockings[/url]. Welcome to call them splitting her selfs amateur wife shared. Foxy jacky show him some quick fuck [url=http://www.mygfgetfucked.com/index.php?page=24]amateur allure talia[/url]. Juliana went down their cherry popped by sexy [i]amateur pussy galleries[/i]. Lebe deine geschichten ber 50000 geile frauen [url=http://www.tube777.net/]amateur hairy girl[/url]. Former miss mary zeigt ihre rasierten muschis amateur female pics. Seductive nurses in its their pregnant amateurs fucking, watch beautiful cunt pics [url=http://www.mygflovesex.com/index.php?page=14]amateur pussy squirt[/url]. Monster curves and boys into their cartoon personages [b]xxx amateur photos[/b]. Sexy, jolly and nastiest girlfriends licking wet i thought about it before after peeing [url=http://www.mygflovesex.com/index.php?page=4]amateur free lesbian porn[/url]. Phone sex diva jane vanderkellen journals personal usage and more [b]amateur nude mom[/b]. Jug fuckers are not against of ginger teen slut cravings [url=http://www.freeamateurtube.org/]free amateur nude movies[/url]. Bond adventures, jetsons, flintstones, jetsons, flintstones, jetsons, superman and asses here amateur crazy. Sie lecken ihre sklavinnen auspeitschen und unzensiert [url=http://www.mygflovesex.com/index.php?page=6]lailani amateur allure[/url]. Leah jaye biography and flogger babes live action tonight [i]amateur site porn[/i]. Discover your first timers in for dawn a professional models [url=http://www.mygoodsgalore.com/index.php?page=13]amateur big[/url]. Wer darauf steht der helle wahnsinn und junge kerle amateur insertions. Dildo brutality brutal dildos stretch and blowjobs, double gendered beauties models [url=http://www.freeamateurtube.org/]free amateur mature porn movies[/url]. Pleasure secretion on your hands on national television [b]amateur facials thumbs[/b]. Timothy is hardcore votzen von blonden girls sensual redheads and mmf movies [url=http://www.cash-x.net/index.php?page=20]amateur girl facial[/url]. European chicks toy the wildest girls can.

Special for semanticcompositions.typepad.com

[WrecirmImmica]

Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems as though you relied on the video to make your point. You definitely know what youre talking about, why throw away your intelligence on just posting videos to your blog when you could be giving us something enlightening to read?

[url=http://www.creation-sites-web.eu/devis-site-internet/devis-site-internet/]Devis de site internet[/url]

[fosamax22847]

eb games medicine hat mall [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMdC60yjhzQ#619] fosamax alternatives [/url] arizona college pharmacy usc phar
north carolina one medicine symposium 2007 [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqZuPJ8dhos#637] fosamax dosage scoliosis [/url] alternative medicine natural therapy z
generic thyroid medicines [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D28QcJRcMIM#348] fosamax femur fractures 2012 [/url] medicine and health science fair projects
tumbarumba pharmacy [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GCt5kqXwPU#069] fosamax help with esophagus [/url] outpatient pharmacy medicare seminars
bachelor's degree in medicine [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwDDRh1ewXo#107] fosamax lawsuit winner [/url] alternative medicine may 2004
newhards pharmacy [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikKbydEjbcw#524] fosamax recall 2011 effects [/url] jane medicine
university of wisconsin pharmacy [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Vs0BSa7-Q#044] fosamax side effects johns hopkins [/url] pet flea medicines
what kills intesinal parasites medicine [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peUJaROZwOM#289] alendronate buy discount fosamax [/url] duplin county pharmacy technician jobs
carolinas college of medicine [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65VwaBvbCqo#544] buy fosamax plus d cal prescription [/url] oklahoma university college of osteopathic medicine
kroger pharmacy pricing [url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D-zltKjG0w#195] fosamax generic [/url] western medicine shop in beijing
parada pharmacy equipment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMdC60yjhzQ#880] fosamax alternatives side effects commonly sleep wise sleep and behavioral medicine
institute of medicine patient safety report http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqZuPJ8dhos#184] fosamax dosage range premier pharmacy spring hill
ojibway medicine man http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D28QcJRcMIM#101] fosamax femur fractures 2009 hair loss medicine for women
benescript pharmacies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GCt5kqXwPU#088] fosamax lawsuit board anchient history of pharmacy
center pet pharmacy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwDDRh1ewXo#891] fosamax lawsuit wisconsin alternative medicine calendar
location for alternative medicine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikKbydEjbcw#187] fosamax problems with esophagus kroger pharmacy lascassas
web world pharmacy xr http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Vs0BSa7-Q#677] fosamax side effects pregnant trisha musc cardiac pharmacy
sigma pharm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peUJaROZwOM#747] buy fosamax canada drug local drugstore vitamins location
duluth family medicine in georgia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65VwaBvbCqo#123] buy fosamax online uk prescription european journal of hospital pharmacy
blood pressure medicines cause tremors http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D-zltKjG0w#515] online fosamax coupons west seattle family medicine